The Oil and Gas Industry

Racism Colonialism and The Development of the Third World essays

Racism Colonialism and The Development of the Third World essays Charles Darwin was the first person to propose the theory of "natural selection" and "Survival of the fittest" by which he explained the inner workings of nature to either help sustain or eliminate a species. According to the theory it is the design of nature to sustain the healthy and the strong so that best of species survive to create a stronger progeny. The theory of evolution explains the alteration in characteristics of species over a period of time to survive the adverse conditions. Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest has been much espoused by political leaders and it has been used extensively to support and explain their colonial and imperialistic tendencies. Even some religious leaders used Darwin's theory to explain racial and religious superiority. The writings of Josiah Strong, the protestant reformer of the ninetieth century clearly echoes his belief of the superiority of the Anglo Saxon race. Strong's writing indicates an intense religious tone combined with racial prejudice. He explains that the Anglo Saxons, the predominant population in America, are the most evolved and fittest of all human kind. The frontier expansion and continuous subjugation of the native Indians are, as he explains them, events that were designed by Mother Nature. He even gives a religious tone to the imperialistic notions of the Anglo Saxons by explaining them as god's way of ensuring the ultimate evangelization of the world'. As he explains "the wheels of history are the chariot wheels of the almighty, there is with every revolution, an onward movement toward the goal of his eternal purposes". The highly mixed nature of the Anglo Saxon race is explained as the reason for the strong racial stock that it is. As he says, "the best nations are the most widely related". So Strong argues that America is well on its way to producing the best ever civilization in the world and tha...

Instructional Project Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instructional Project Analysis Report - Essay Example Reading activities are aimed at increasing reading comprehension, developing vocabulary and research skills. Writing activities are aimed at developing accuracy in written information through simple compositions and accomplishing forms. The course consists of 12 modules. According to Chamut (1995), cognitive language learning fosters school achievement of students who are learning through the medium of a second language. Non-native English speakers face problems in learning academic subjects which use English as the medium of instruction. Due to the widespread use of English worldwide, language courses in English have become part of the academic curriculum in most countries. However, the English course in these situations take on the nature of a foreign language course and fails to really develop language proficiency skills in terms of comprehension, vocabulary and research skills due to limited usage of the language in everyday life. The instructional problem that arises therefore, is how to build on the existing language knowledge of English and implement a training strategy that hones English literacy skills allowing the participants to develop the ability to use oral and written English for daily needs, develop basic conversation skills and voca bulary, and use simple sentence patterns. The training is based on cognitive learning theory in which learners are mentally active participants in the teaching-learning process. Mental activity in the learners occur when they apply prior knowledge to new problems and search for meaning in new information. The instructional problem relates to a cognitive domain performance issues that can be solved by training. The goal of instructional programs is to build knowledge and skills that can be re-used for later learning or in various life situations, such as career. ESL training to help improve academic performance

The Temperance Movement in Victorian England Essay

The Temperance Movement in Victorian England - Essay Example Industrial Revolution, Agricultural Revolution and growth of imperial power of England made it unbeaten in the world. Developments in the fields of art and literature were comparable to the Elizabethan age. All these greatly influenced the social conditions and interactions of the different classes of contemporary English people and Temperance movement was one of the examples of it. In short, like the second half of the sixteenth century, there developed another ‘Golden Age.’ As part of their religious belief, in the eighteenth century, people from upper class and middle class societies would dish up and drank wine at their dinners. Gradually, moderate use of wine among the people became unrestrained status. Studies mention that â€Å"the earliest temperance associations were founded in Scotland in 1830, but the movement soon came South and similar groups were established in Preston and other industrial towns† (Hope UK, n.d.). Temperance Movement had kept an eye o n moderated use of alcohol and motivated people about the necessity of self control or moderation in drinking. Excessive use of alcohol seriously affected working class people and it paved the way for severe social inconvenience. Number of social organizations and welfare movements has emerged during the end of 17th century and worked aligned with the evil effects of alcohol consumption. In the beginning, Rev. John Edgar, Belfast professor of theology gave spiritual guidelines. Then Joseph Livesey made some remarkable progress in Temperance Movement. Temperance Movement is not only a political or religious movement, but also an artist’s propaganda against the evils of drinking. As a social reform movement against alcohol, Teetotal Movement registered its name through the concept of â€Å"total abstinence from alcohol.† Leaders of Temperance and Teetotal movements have caught the attention of eminent personalities from art, literature and religion. Victorian poet Tennys on, novelist Charles Dickens, George Cruickshank and William Hogarth marked their conscious effort in promoting awareness programs related with Temperance Movement. The evils of drinking had coined direct and indirect consequences in Victorian society. Members of working- class community have faced bitter consequences than middle-class and upper class people. Industrialization and related events contributed a new system in work field and service sector. Workers in large scale industries and factories often tend to follow drinking as an essential means of entertainment because of heavy workload and limited opportunities of amusement. Without a doubt, the main focus of the Temperance Movement was the elimination of drinking habits among the working-class people who lived in Victorian England. Historians have identified number of reasons which promoted physical backgrounds for the formation of the Temperance Movement. The study of Temperance Movement permits the reader to comprehend th e class struggles of Victorian society in which social status designed everything. Excessive drinking nature among the workers in factories made a payment to many other problems such as serious health issues, increased rate of criminal activities, problem of child labour and economic crisis.

War On Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War On Drugs - Essay Example Its initiation was aimed at taking a firm stand on drugs because of the effect that drug abuse has had on society. The problem comes about when prisons become overcrowded as facilities, and supervisory staff is not enough. This, in turn, leads the government to injecting more resources to correctional organizations at the expense of other pressing issues such as healthcare and education programs. Conversely, such organizations may be ignored causing prison facilities to be strained and prison staff over-worked without earning any extra income; this is usually the more common scenario (Yahoo! Inc, 2007). Pinpointing the Source In order to rectify this problem, which essentially is an inflated budget, it is vital to pinpoint the source of the overall problem of drug abuse in the society. Questions such as which are the most common illicit drugs, where do the drugs come from, who distributes them, what are the loopholes that enable this distribution persist, how else can persons be dete rred to participate in drug trade. This breakdown allows specific solutions to be arrived at; without having to call for harsh punishment directly, which translates to serving longer terms in prison. The government should consider the fact that rehabilitation through imprisonment is not a solution for drug traffickers; because what instead happens is that they interact with much worse criminals and get further inclined to a criminal lifestyle. Moreover, having a criminal record prevents them from getting legitimate jobs thereby, leading them back to drug trade (Yahoo! Inc, 2007).In some states, the war on drugs has kept use of government resources at bay by seizing assets from drug traffickers. ... Inc, 2007). In some states, the war on drugs has kept use of government resources at bay by seizing assets from drug traffickers. This has been viewed as a self-financing method but in reality resources gained from asset forfeiture end up being transferred to other departments with scarce resources. In addition, police agencies have been noted to seize assets from innocent persons with the aim of acquiring resources for financing their departments. The resources amassed from asset seizures end up diverting focus from actual crime fighting. There needs to be a shift in thinking whereby drug prohibition has proven not to be effective in alleviating drug trade. Over time, the argument for drug prohibition has been that there is a relationship between drug trafficking and other violent crimes such as car theft and robbery. Therefore, if drugs are prohibited, the law is better enforced as such crimes are prevented (Benson, 2009). However, this has been proven ineffective as prisons have b ecome overcrowded and most states have had to call for release of petty offenders. This has proven quite risky, as individuals who are viewed as petty offenders may have considered graduating to higher crimes because of interacting with serious offenders. Either way, the petty offenders arrested for drug trade are released back into society without any assurance that they have been rehabilitated. The issue then becomes identifying a way of effectively rehabilitating drug traffickers where incarceration is not an option. Another issue is the stringent laws on parolees as most of them will inevitably violate them and end up stuck in the vicious recycle of the prison system (Romaine, 2011).

Ethical consumerism | Analysis

Ethical consumerism | Analysis Ethical Consumerism The buy and utilisation of ethical services need that a large allowance of effort be bought into in data acquisition and conclusion making. In supplement, customers have to be eager to pay higher charges for these services. Some of the obstacles to making ethical alternatives may lie in the customer decision-making process. In their every day buying, customers enlist in usual difficulty solving. In this position, customers do not dedicate time to seeking external data or assessing the alternatives. Instead, buy aim and alternative stay unchanged. However, customers may perform more perplexing alternative methods, particularly when they purchase a granted merchandise class for the first time. For example, customers buying Fair Business services for the first time may enlist in expanded difficulty solving. She or he is inspired to take the problem to choose an ethical merchandise and pay a premium for it. Over time, this ethical conclusion will become usual, and approval can strengthen aims and reinforce the prospect of proceeded response. Customers need up-to-date and unquestionable data in alignment to make ethical choices. Information about firms ethics should be expressed to customers in such a pattern that it effortlessly comes to them and does not origin them any inconvenience. Seeking data will convey advantages, but it furthermore determinants charges to customers. The likely charges encompass time, cash, effort and delaying the decision; advantages of data encompass approval with the alternative, cost savings and the feeling that the alternative was worthwhile. Customers often use some data causes simultaneously; the distinct causes support each other, varying in implication as asserted by the alternative situation. Some customers gaze for comprehensive data while other ones make their alternatives on the cornerstone of rather scanty information. Scanty data searching may be clarified by the inclination of customers to decrease the effort engaged in maki ng judgements. According to this idea, customers are not maximizing their utility, but make a alternative when they find a satisfactory alternative. Customers data accumulating assets of time, cash and effort are inclined to be restricted. An ethical conclusion does not habitually entail that the customer is absolutely acquainted about all the facets that sway buying and consuming the product. Publicity about unethical perform is observed more often than promotion in relative to ethical conduct. Customers are inclined to enforce a restriction on an unethical firm by denying purchasing its services, but will not pay an ethical firm by buying its services. Even though obtaining data assists some customers make an ethical alternative, other ones may seem that this added data is bewildering and it raises their sense of uncertainty. Thus, making conclusions becomes even tougher when ethical matters have to be advised in supplement to cost, value and other criteria. Todays acquainted and cognizant customer may, then, be bewildered about the data circulating on ethical swapping and ethical merchandise alternatives. Too much of this data may be untrue, or not sufficient of it accurate. Such disarray may be expanded by the detail that some of a granted firms services are ethically made while other services made by the identical firm are not made as asserted by ethical criteria. Moreover, the world wideization of retail enterprise has directed to broad varieties of new services. Country-of-origin marks are not compulsory. The ethical customer is compelled to make her or his conclusions on the cornerstone of guesswork and fragmented information. FÐ µÃ °turÐ µÃ'• Ð °Ã'•Ã'•iÃ'•ting tÐ ¾ thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€mÐ µnt Ð ¾f Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µriÃ'•m ThÐ µ mÐ °nifÐ µÃ'•tÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µriÃ'•m iÃ'• diÃ'•tinguiÃ'•hÐ µd by Ã'•Ð µvÐ µrÐ °l fÐ µÃ °turÐ µÃ'•: thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€ing nurturing Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'•; fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µ Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µmbly Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt fÐ ¾r fÐ °irÐ µr Ã'•wÐ °Ã'€Ã'€ing Ã'€rÐ °Ã' tiÃ' Ã µÃ'• with thÐ µ Third WÐ ¾rld; Ð µxÃ'€Ð °nding nÐ µwÃ'•Ã'€Ð °Ã'€Ð µrÃ'• intÐ µrÐ µÃ'•t in Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ iÃ'•Ã'•uÐ µÃ'•; Ð µxÃ'€Ð °nding buÃ'•inÐ µÃ'•Ã'• rÐ µÃ'•Ã'€Ð ¾nÃ'•ibility; Ð °nd Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€liÐ µr Ã'€Ð ¾wÐ µr. Ð ll thÐ µÃ'•Ð µ hÐ °vÐ µ lÐ µÃ °d tÐ ¾ thÐ µ brÐ ¾Ã °dÐ µr Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•ibility Ð ¾f Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• Ð °nd thÐ µ high vÐ °luÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'€rÐ µÃ'•Ð µntÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÐ µ Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' tÃ'•. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€ing nurturing buyÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'• Ð  grÐ ¾wing numbÐ µr Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'• Ð °rÐ µ nurturing, Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °lly Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾mmunÐ °lly Ã' Ã ¾gnizÐ °nt Ð °nd Ð °rÐ µ rÐ µquiring Ð ° Ã'•tÐ °tÐ µ in thÐ µ Ð ¾utÃ'€ut, Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•ing Ð °nd rÐ µÃ'•Ð ¾urÃ' ing Ð ¾f rÐ °w Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð ¾nÐ µntÃ'• Ð ¾f thÐ µ gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• thÐ µy frÐ µquÐ µntly Ã'€urÃ' hÐ °Ã'•Ð µ. ThÐ µ Ð µnvirÐ ¾nmÐ µntÐ °lly-Ð °wÐ °rÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr hÐ °Ã'• bÐ µÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ð µthiÃ' Ã °lly Ã' Ã ¾gnizÐ °nt Ð °nd iÃ'• Ã' Ã ¾nnÐ µÃ' tÐ µd by numÐ µrÐ ¾uÃ'• Ð ¾thÐ µr Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• whÐ ¾ Ð °Ã' Ã' Ã µÃ'€t Ð °Ã'• fÐ °Ã' tuÐ °l in thÐ µ vÐ °luÐ µÃ'• Ð ¾f Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ. Ð Ã'• Ð ° Ð ¾utÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ, thÐ µ Ã'€rÐ ¾grÐ µÃ'•Ã'•ivÐ µly wÐ µll-infÐ ¾rmÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr iÃ'• nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nly rÐ µquiring fÐ °irly-trÐ °dÐ µd gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'†¢, but iÃ'• dÐ µmÐ °nding mÐ °nufÐ °Ã' turÐ µrÃ'• Ð °nd rÐ µtÐ °ilÐ µrÃ'• tÐ ¾ Ð °Ã'•Ã'•urÐ °nÃ' Ã µ thÐ µ Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µrtiÐ ¾nÃ'• thÐ µy mÐ °kÐ µ Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µir Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' tÃ'•. ThiÃ'• iÃ'• Ã'•hÐ ¾wÐ µd by thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlÐ ¾Ã'€mÐ µnt Ð ¾f thÐ µ â€Å"FÐ °ir TrÐ °dÐ µ LÐ °bÐ µl† by ThÐ µ FÐ °ir TrÐ °dÐ µ FÐ ¾undÐ °tiÐ ¾n, whiÃ' h wÐ °Ã'• Ð µÃ'•tÐ °bliÃ'•hÐ µd duÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr dÐ µmÐ °nd fÐ ¾r Ð °n unÐ °lignÐ µd, Ð µquitÐ °blÐ µ trÐ °dÐ µ vÐ °lidÐ °ting bÐ ¾dy. ThiÃ'• Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð ¾Ã' iÐ °tiÐ ¾n iÃ'• Ã'•uÃ'•tÐ °inÐ µd by numÐ µrÐ ¾uÃ'• bÐ µnÐ µvÐ ¾lÐ µnt Ã'•Ð ¾Ã' iÐ µtiÐ µÃ'• Ð °nd bÐ ¾Ã °Ã'•tÃ'• tÐ ¾ Ã'•uÃ'€Ð µrviÃ'•Ð µ Ã'•ituÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Ã'€Ð °id wÐ ¾rk Ð °nd thÐ µn tÐ ¾Ã'€iÃ'  thÐ µ FÐ °ir TrÐ °dÐ µ LÐ °bÐ µl tÐ ¾ buÃ'•inÐ µÃ'•Ã'•Ð µÃ'• it Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•id Ð µrÃ'• tÐ ¾ bÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•idÐ µring Ð µquitÐ °bly with Third WÐ ¾rld Ã'€rÐ ¾duÃ' Ã µrÃ'•. ThÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1990Ã'• iÃ'• nÐ ¾t Ã'•Ð ¾lÐ µly wÐ ¾rriÐ µd with Ã' Ã ¾Ã'•t, vÐ °luÐ µ, Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•ignmÐ µnt, Ð µÃ' Ã ¾lÐ ¾giÃ' Ã °l mÐ °ttÐ µrÃ'• Ð °nd Ã'•Ð ¾ fÐ ¾rth; Ð °n Ð µxÃ'€Ð °nding numbÐ µr Ð ¾f Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• Ð °rÐ µ wÐ ¾rriÐ µd Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µ Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l dimÐ µnÃ'•iÐ ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ trÐ °ding Ð µxÃ' hÐ °ngÐ µ. ThÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr rÐ µviÐ µw diÃ'•Ã' lÐ ¾Ã'•Ð µd thÐ °t Ð ¾nÐ µ-quÐ °rtÐ µr Ð ¾f rÐ µÃ'•Ã'€Ð ¾ndÐ µntÃ'• buy fÐ °irly-trÐ °dÐ µd gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• Ð ¾n Ð ° nÐ ¾rmÐ °l Ã' Ã ¾rnÐ µrÃ'•tÐ ¾nÐ µ (Ð °t Ã'•mÐ °llÐ µÃ'•t Ð ¾nÐ µ timÐ µ in Ð µvÐ µry twÐ ¾ Ã'€urÃ' hÐ °Ã'•Ð µÃ'•). ThÐ µÃ'•Ð µ Ð µxÃ'€lÐ ¾rÐ °tÐ ¾ry Ð ¾utÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt FlÐ µtÃ' hÐ µrÃ'• (1990) Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µrtiÐ ¾n thÐ °t Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr mÐ °in Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µrnÃ'• Ð °nd rudimÐ µntÐ °ry mind-Ã'•Ð µt Ð °nd Ã' Ã ¾nviÃ' tiÐ ¾nÃ'• in thÐ µ 1990Ã'• Ð °rÐ µ dÐ µÃ µÃ'€ly diÃ'•tinÃ' t frÐ ¾m thÐ µ Ã'•timulÐ °tÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1960Ã'•, thÐ µ Ã'•Ð µlf Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µntrÐ °tÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1970Ã'• Ð °nd thÐ µ hÐ °rd-hitting, Ð °Ã' quiÃ'•itivÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1980Ã'•. ThÐ µÃ'•Ð µ Ð ¾utÃ' Ã ¾mÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µrifiÐ µd by thÐ µ NОÐ   Ð ¡Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µr Ð…urvÐ µy Ð °nd diÃ'•Ã'€lÐ °y thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ iÃ'• Ð ° niÃ' hÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt Ð ¾f â€Å"Ð µthiÃ' Ã °l† Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•umÐ µrÃ'• invÐ ¾lvÐ µd in buying fÐ °irly-trÐ °dÐ µd gÐ ¾Ã ¾dÃ'• whÐ µn thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °blÐ µ. The attachment between the environmental purchaser and the ethical customer Barratt Brown (1993) cited to the idea of sustainable advancement to display the attachment between customer disquiet for the natural air and sensible enterprise practices. Charter (1992) utilised the explain supplied by Pearce in 1989 to distinuish sustainable advancement as: †¦progress that comes across the yearns of the present without compromising the skill of future generations to rendezvous their own needs. It comprises interior it two concepts; the idea of â€Å"needs†, in exact the wholeheartedly vital yearns of the worlds poor, to that overriding major anxiety should be given; and the notion of limitations enforced by the state of know-how and communal management on the atmospheres skill to rendezvous present and future needs Charter (1992) advances on to converse about the minutia that sustainable advancement positions aim on providing for the yearns of the least significant advantaged in humanity and additionally the sensible remedy of future generations. An underlying constituent of such provision embraces sensible swapping and the affairs of people-friendly swapping concepts. Sustainability is at the nucleus of the green swapping convictions (Charter, 1992), and additionally lies at the centre of the ethical swapping concept. A sustainable approach to utilisation and yield enlists enjoying a standard of house today that is not at the total cost of the standard of house that can be relished by future generations. Pearce et al. (1989) suggests three very broad designs to complete sustainable progress: †¢ Standard the natural air to increase the worth adhered to the natural, heritage and assembled natural air, now and for the future. †¢ Extend time horizons to extend disquiet, not only to short- and medium-term horizons, but to the long-term future, to be inherited by future generations. †¢ Equity to position aim on verifying for the yearns of the least significant advantaged in humanity and additionally sensible remedy of future generations. These designs are adopted by the notions of sensible enterprise, and it can be glimpsed from Pearce et al.s (1989) designs that ethical consumerism has been assembled on the equal underlying measures of sustainability as green consumerism. The Brundtland Report of 1987 suggested to the worlds administration a cohesive and believable suggestion for â€Å"sustainable advancement advancement that is forceful, and at the equal time communally and ecologically sustainable† (Peattie 1992). The report made wide-ranging recommendations about the measures of sustainable progress; Peattie (1992, p. 79) delineated these as follows: †¢ Recognition of peoples privileges to a healthy natural air and to protection from transboundary degradation †¢ Preservation of environmental assets, ecosystems, environmental procedures and biological diversity for the benefit of future generations †¢ Evaluation of the environmental leverage of present and conceived economic activity †¢ Data provision on the environmental outcomes of economic undertaking, and on transboundary asset usage †¢ Co-operation over utilising transboundary assets, in applying environmental protection, and in overseeing and revising the atmosphere †¢ conceiving the setting and implementation of environmental assesses, and how to deal with environmental catastrophes †¢ limiting house and transboundary environmental impairment and risk. These measures extend from the idea of environmental accuse to cover the persons facet of sensible enterprise the preservation, evaluation and co-operation measures can be precisely attached to sensible enterprise, with its underlying measures of good engaged assesses and position in its ideals that are founded on the measures of sustainable progress. The green customer has been explained as one who avoids goods that are anticipated to â€Å"endanger the wellbeing of the customer or others; source important impairment to the natural air all through assemble, use or disposal; consume a disproportionate allowance of energy; source pointless waste; use characteristics drawn from threatened species or atmospheres; enlist pointless use or cruelty to animals; adversely sway other countries† (Elkington and Hailes, 1989). The ethical customer adheres to these measures, but is additionally concerned about the persons facet of assemble, use and disposal. Awareness of the buying publics increasing disquiet about wellbeing, animal welfare, environmental impairment and genetic expertise are common, and disquiet about ethical swapping relations with the Third World is developing progressively recognised as a constituent in customer alternate (Barratt Brown, 1993). The green customer is about to be attached in the buying transformation by a new kind of ethical purchaser, who will demand that goods are not only amicable to the natural air but additionally to the individuals who make them (Rosenbaum, 1993). Ð  rÐ µÃ'•Ã'•urÐ µ Ð °Ã'•Ã'•Ð µmbly Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€Ð ¾rt The flourishing support of sensible enterprise by force assemblies has made in an increasing disquiet contemplating the affairs of sensible enterprise and ethical consumerism by constituents of the public, retailers and the media. Oxfam, Christian Aid, CAFOD and the Fair Business Foundation have competently lobbied buying shopping centres to provide fairly-business coffee, tea and sweets goods adjacent mainstream alternatives. Membership of force assemblies and associations concerned with environmental, environmental and conservation affairs brandished astonishing advancement between 1981 and 1992, as Table II illustrates. This showed an increase in public disquiet and support of force assembly companies. The advancement in constituents of conservation associations reflects growing public insight of environmental and ethical affairs, and a eagerness to do certain thing about these concerns. Admittedly, this does not precisely contemplate the advancement in ethical consumerism but, as green customers become more dynamically ecologically and ethically cognizant, it is conjectured that there is a inclination for these nurturing customers to become ethically responsive as well as ecologically responsive. Many force assemblies additionally crusade for ethical affairs and measures of sensible business; such force assembly support has made in increasing bulletins interest. For demonstration, Twin Trading is a benevolent humanity that â€Å"works to strengthen the capability of constructor management in Asia, Africa and Latin America to enterprise independently†, it crusades comprising the sensible enterprise theme and earnings bulletins remedy of sensible enterprise values and exploitation appealing advancement and support for affairs for example agriculture co-operatives in Tanzania, coffee ranches in Brazil and the engaged position of tea manufacturers in India. Media interest Ethical affairs, for example giving Third World manufacturers a sensible cost, providing least significant wages, guaranteeing long-term swapping firm pledges and sensible scrounging time span, the provision of least significant wellbeing, security and environmental assesses, communal fairness and the sustainment of natural assets, have become usual characteristics of bulletins anecdotes and television documentaries. During the 1970s environmental affairs came by high exposure, partially due to the accomplishment of environmental assemblies for example Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, equivalent sensible enterprise assemblies are evolving in the 1990s Twin Trading, Equal Exchange, Oxfam and Traidcraft, and most recently The Fair Business Foundation, all of that have growing economic and customer support. The Fair Business Foundation, for demonstration, has competently aided to market a sensible enterprise coffee and tea merchandise that has boost two-fold sales since it launch in 1994, conceiving comprehensive bulletins interest in the product. Issues in relation to sensible swapping, sustainable advancement, sensible pay, good engaged position and steady profits to Third World manufacturers are usual characteristics of bulletins reports; Cowe (1993), Hargreeves (1994), Matthews (1994) and Vaughan (1993) have recounted ethical customer affairs in The Guardian, The Financial Times, Marketing Week and The Independent respectively all mass bulletins publications with high readership ratings. Just as green consumerism developed as a conclusion of bulletins remedy of environmental affairs in the 1970s and 1980s, ethical consumerism is benefiting equivalent bulletins grade in the 1990s. Increasing enterprise responsibility Increasing enterprise accuse was glimpsed as a incident in the 1980s and early 1990s, and is still evolving as an theme in 1995. Organisations for example Cadburys, Brook Bond and the Co-operative are progressively taking on board affairs of ethical consumerism in their buying and supply values, for demonstration, co-operative sensible enterprise tea initiatives. The primary study expressed out amidst large UK retailers revealed that five out of the eight responding associations claim to address affairs of ethical consumerism and sensible enterprise when making buying decisions. Evidence of this lies in the minutia that all five of the responding buying shopping centres provide sensible enterprise goods for example Cafedirect and Gold Blacks sweets, and all are revising own-label sensible enterprise services. Although there are twosome of legislative assesses administered precisely at the provision of fairly-business goods, those legislative assesses administered at the advancement of environmental responsiveness are a attribute leveraging the advancement of ethical consumerism. For demonstration, the EC Eco-labelling Directive, that aspires to provide purchasers with more facts and numbers on the environmental leverage of goods, will lead to a better acquainted customer. It is hypothesized that one time customers are better acquainted they will demand more distant facts and numbers about the goods they are buying and it is outlook that this will encompass Third World swapping practices and resourcing procedures. The proposed structure for eco-auditing has actually leaded to the advancement of the communal audit. This is an evaluation of an companys communal, economic and ethical practices and processes. For demonstration, Traidcraft has expressed out a communal reconsider for some years, and economic associations for example the Co-op are enquiring the prospect of increasing their eco-auditing procedures to encompass communal auditing. InÃ' rÐ µÃ °Ã'•ing Ã'•uÃ'€Ã'€liÐ µr Ã'€Ð ¾wÐ µr The increasing power of Third World suppliers can be displayed by the advancement of co-operative other than comparable swapping practices between Third World manufacturers, suppliers and association buyers. The retailer reconsider revealed that three of the associations outlook suppliers as partners, and have developed attachments founded on mutual accept as factual a change from the customary power groundwork retailers have held in the past. â€Å"From being inquisitive a year before, the buying shopping centres are now seated up and yearn to realise more† Lorna Young, Twin Trading 1994. This was maintained by a Co-operative Retail spokesperson who said â€Å"I accept as factual that buying shopping centres address sensible enterprise as certain thing they need to do from an likeness topic of view. It may be part of the more nurturing Nineties †¦ Ethical swapping is seated happily with us† (Tickell, 1994). Such partnerships are maintained by The Fair Business Foundation, a enterprise constrained by promise, whose constituents are CAFOD, Christian Aid, the National Federation of Womens Institutes, Oxfam, Traidcraft Exchange and World Progress Movement. The aim of the Foundation is to increase associations to develop sensible swapping practices with Third World suppliers, aiding to move the balance of power from buying associations to suppliers. Wider accessibility of alternate services Supermarkets in the UK have a large deal of power over manufacturers, particularly in localities where branding is not important, and it is the retailers who the customer interacts to rather then the producer. Even in brand-aware markets, the retailer often overrides the market through its own-label emblems (Adams et al., 1991). Food multiples for example Safeway, Tesco and Sainsburys have presented a premier function in the green customer transformation in the nourishment shop sector. Adams et al. (1991) displayed, manufacturers, especially manufacturers and processors in developing countries, are reliant on retailers for swapping, and merchandise conceive and market information. This expresses itself in many ways, from manufacturers going out of enterprise to poor wages and engaged position endured by suppliers as allegations, consignment agenda and new merchandise specifications are all set by the large retail multiples. Getting ecologically-friendly goods into the buying shopping centres has been a gigantic argument for ecologicalists, but now the large-scale retailers are been assured to provide people-friendly, fairly-business goods (Vaughan, 1993). Customer power has, for a long time, been a force for retailers to address with (Barratt Brown, 1993). Competitive tensions in the retail market-place have made in an increase in the accessibility of fairly-business services. As with green affairs, the buying shopping centres are allowing manufacturers to set up customer demand for alternate goods before commencing their own brands. Several buying shopping centres, three out of the 10 responding associations, are really revising the prospect of own-label, fairly-business coffee, tea and chocolate. The Co-operative, for demonstration, is really engaged with the Fair Business Foundation, enquiring the launch of a kind of goods for example honey, sweets, nuts, tea and sugar, whose determinants would fit the Foundations firm sensible enterprise criteria (Vidal, 1994). High benchmark and production of alternate brands The progressively well-informed customer is not only needing ethical, fairly-business goods, but is requiring manufacturers and retailers to promise the ethical claims they are making about their goods, by rejecting to purchase goods with unconfirmed sensible enterprise claims. Therefore, the benchmark and production of fairly-business goods are high, and guaranteed to be so by, in some examples unaligned verification. The customer reconsider revealed that the most of respondents who purchase fairly-business goods glimpsed them to be of high quality. The standard utilised was the evaluation between sensible enterprise goods and the equivalent marked merchandise (for demonstration, Nescafà © and Cafedirect instant coffee). Thirty-five % glimpsed them to be of a better benchmark than equivalent usual emblems and 45 % accept as factual the sensible enterprise goods they buy are the equal benchmark as usual brands. Only 5 % glimpse them to be of an inferior quality. It is intriguing to note that 7 % of the reconsider respondents would only purchase a sensible enterprise merchandise if it was individually verified as such. Like the first stage of greener swapping, sensible swapping and ethical swapping are, and will be in the future, directed by many as a short-term response to clientele assertions, with lesser adaptations being made to dwelling goods for demonstration, emblem managers for a premier UK tea constructor are making claims to have habitually shown disquiet for tea pickers in the Third World. Ethical consumerism Ethical consumerism has lately become an perfect that is chased by assemblies of customers particularly in the Western countries. Both companies and customers have a important function in encouraging ethics in output and business. The most important obstacles to ethical consumerism emerge to be adversities in getting data, the accessibility of ethical services and the high charges of these services. Customers consciousness about ethics should be enhanced by teaching them and supplying them with dependable information. Ethics in utilisation should become a norm in humanity that is pursued in the identical way as other lesson values, or unseen rules. Customers may find it tough to make a business-off between convenience or reduced charges and ethics, even when they consider ethics as significant. But if neglecting ethics was to become improper and shameful demeanour, affirmative mind-set in the direction of ethics might be recognized in buying decisions. Public principle manufacturers and companies involved in ethical consumerism should pay vigilance to customers disarray and uncertainty. Customers find it awkward that companies convey both unethical and ethical services in their ranges. It continues a future dispute for companies to find ways to present ethical merchandise options clearly and express dependable data about ethics in alignment to support why a granted merchandise encounters ethical measures, and why that merchandise may cost more than other services. One future opening open to companies in marketing ethical services is the perform of selective ethics. For example, the Body Shop notion is well renowned for a lone ethical claim: no services are checked on animals. While customers find it tough to address some ethical criteria simultaneously, selective ethics only need that they take into account one or two important ethical issues. Opportunities for communally to blame and ethical consumerism extend to be little renowned amidst customers. Firms need to display more apparently that they are chasing ethical ciphers of conduct. They could evolve larger competence in utilising ethics as a asset, or the cornerstone for differentiation and comparable advantage. However, there is a hazard that ethics will be utilised only as a marketing knack or likeness that has no matter in the firms actions. Firms utilising ethics in this way not only impairment their own enterprise, but furthermore sway the trustworthiness of other companies that chase ethics as a aim in itself. The function of customers as promoters of ethical enterprise should furthermore be stressed. If customers do not demand companies to supply ethical services, companies are expected to eliminate ethical services from their ranges. Social blame will not omit earnings making. If communal blame turns out to be unprofitable, it will be tough for companies to assist to decreasing ethical injustices in world broad business. Customers have become more cognizant of the affairs surrounding fairer enterprise and the leverage of western customers on the anticipations and aspirations of Third World producers. Ecologically benign and ethically sound yield of customer makes for example tea, coffee and cocoa is viable, and such goods are now amply accessible (Cox, 1993). Lasting responses to both environmental and advancement adversities are being sought as a conclusion of amplified insight of the natural air and Third World affairs (Cox, 1993). The idea of sensible enterprise with Third World countries is founded on the underlying benchmark of double-checking sensible allegations and a steady profits for growers and producers. Ethical swapping has evolved as a direct conclusion of such concerns. The manifestation of ethical consumerism is differentiated by some features: †¢ The evolving nurturing customer of the 1990s; †¢ pressure assembly support for fairer swapping practices with the Third World; †¢ increasing bulletins interest in sensible enterprise issues; †¢ increasing enterprise responsibility; †¢ increasing supplier power in the marketplace. All of these have aided to the broader accessibility of sensible enterprise goods and the high benchmark and production of alternate services. Managerial implications Ethical consumerism is a swapping idea in the prime stages of advancement in the UK, but, like green consumerism, it is a source of comparable advantage for communally and ethically cognizant companies. The characteristics aiding to the advancement of sensible enterprise and ethical consumerism pattern an integrated, self-perpetuating pattern (Figure 2). However, empirical details and figures to investigate the primary conclusion of this reconsider are required to set up the dimensions and air of this market concept. It is proposed that more distant study be undertaken to set up the span, issue and characteristics of the idea of ethical consumerism. Companies that disregard the advancement of ethical consumerism and its pledge advancement are taking the risk of loosing market share, as customers move in the main heading of emblems with an ethical swapping dimension. As with the advancement of environmental consumerism, those who answer quickly will be in a location to gain strategic comparable advantage, through aspiring at the new and developing ethical customer market segment. Recommendations Its a renowned reality that no enterprise can endure without customers. In the verge of farthest affray and financial slowdown, its important for an business to work nearly with your customers to confirm the service or merchandise that it presents is as close to their obligations as likely and up to the yearned standards. Since its important that an business types a close employed connection with its purchaser, customer service is of crucial significance. In the approaching parts some helpful tips for keeping customers and holding them joyous are mentioned. These proposals can verify to be helpful for the businesses to make their purchaser seem esteemed, liked and respected. Recommendations For Action Get committed in Face-to-Face Negotiations with customers This is the most threatening and wholeheartedly terrifying part of combining with a customer. If an one-by-one is not taught to handle a customer and to competently deal with him in tough position, it can verify to be a attractive distracting experience. To make things farther tough, it does get simpler over time. However, one should note that it is exceedingly important for the businesses to let their staff rendezvous the customers face to face. In case of services or services in that businesses do not get in feel with the customers exactly, they should charter a group to hold in feel with the customers to assess their responses. It has been verified through know-how that a purchaser finds it simpler to narrate to and work with a famous person they have really contacted in individual, other than a voice on the telephone or somebody broadcasting through an email. While gathering with the customers it is important for the workers of an business to stay serene, assertive and most consi derably, take time to get the essential data from them for example what are their desires with esteem to a merchandise or service. It is broadly accepted that that if a promise purchaser expends most of his or her time conversing, there is a high likelihood of making a sale and forming a long-term connection with him or her. Quickly reply to customers queries This is very factual in case of every enterprise, no issue how convoluted the merchandise is or how tough it is to answer to the customer on time. The irritation skilled by a customer while waiting for a answer, that has gone late, can be well imagined. It might not habitually be helpful to deal with all customers queries inside a very shot span of time but it is advisable to not less than announce them about the acknowledgement of the query and announce them about the anticipated hold up in response. Even a lone call to let the customer understand that the note is obtained and he or she will be communicated when likely will assist the purpose. Even if the business is not adept to explain a difficulty inside the yearned time span of time, it is better to let the customer the employees is employed on his or her problem. Keep a amicable attitude It is very absolutely crucial to be amicable, considerate and to make the purchasers seem as if they are like associates to the business and that the business is habitually there to help them out and explain their problems. At times, the workers will seem that they should heal the purchasers with as harshness as likely and absolutely disregard to their odd claims but the firm should train its workers to stay gracious and friendly. It is very important that the workers hold a amicable and gracious mind-set in order that they can reply to your clients yearns and desires with their best grade of capabilities and stay gracious and courteous all the time. Define a Clear and Concise Policy for Customer Service Such methods may not appear very important in the starting neither they emerge to give any advantage in the short term. However, a apparently characterised customer service principle is going to save a substantial grade of time and effort of the business in the long run that in turn will decisively lead to the greatest utilization of companys assets and advanced profitability. The customer service principle should characterise as to how the customer should get the best grade of service or merchandise and how his or her difficulty can be resolved. It should apparently state as to a customer should do if he have a problem. If theyre not persuaded with any facet of an companys customer service, there should be some way to let them deplore and announce the administration about the problem. The most annoying know-how for a purchaser is to be passed from ind

Staging Hamlet for a Modern Audience Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet

I do not agree with the comment of Hazlitt:   'There is no play that suffers so much in being transferred to the stage'  Ã‚   Based on performances I have seen and other plays by Shakespeare, I think this is one of his better plays as it does not stick to guidelines.  Ã‚   Although a long play, it has a depth to it, that, if transferred to the stage well, is transformed from a long and winding script to a fascinating play filled with suspense and the emotions of the characters run high.   'Hamlet', nonetheless is a challenging script and Hamlet himself can either create the play, or destroy it, he is the key element.      To fascinate the audience from the outset you need to examine the setting that Shakespeare describes throughout the script.   For in order to create the atmosphere that is in the book you have to overcome the challenges set out, for example the many different sets in the play, the castle, the battlements, Ophelia's bedroom, and the grounds. The sky is important in 'Hamlet' for the stars and Greek Gods were the interest of the time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   'This most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firmament, this magestical roof fretted with golden fire- why, it appeareth nothing to me but a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours.      The difficulty of including all the settings for each scene on stage can be solved by a backdrop or sky cloth painting which has perspective, drawing the audience in.   The sky can be painted high on a separate curtain which can roll up or down in order to be able to change the time of day, for example, one of a sunrise and another of the stars and... ...empty corridor, dissolving into a Pepsi machine! But the moment is not a visual joke but a creepy reminder of him being omniscient in the play.   This would be an effective way of playing him on stage, walking from room to room in the castle to show his restless soul.    'Hamlet' is a challenging play which has been produced many times in many different ways.   The ideal 'Hamlet' would be one which combines the old with the new and illustrates the depth and feelings of hamlet through the set whilst creating the characters as the reader sees them whilst reading the script.   Everyone sees the ideal 'Hamlet' differently and it would probably be impossible to create one which everyone would love, but to satisfy most I would create all that I have mentioned and create my 'Hamlet' from modern productions and ideas from the text.   

Hamlet, Prince of Denmar Essay

Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, by William Shakespeare, tells the morbid tale of a young man’s quest for revenge. Set in Denmark during the Middle Ages, the play chronicles the assassination of a king and his brother’s usurpation of the throne and insinuation into the king’s old life, to the point of marrying the king’s own widow. Hamlet, the young prince, is charged by his dead father’s ghost to bring his uncle to justice and restore the rightful crown. When Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle, comes to the realization that his young nephew has uncovered his murderous conspiracy, he resolves to assassinate the young prince as well. However, when his attempt to have Hamlet executed in England is foiled, he must find another means to surreptitiously remove the threat to his kingship. After Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius, Claudius’ chief counselor, Polonius’ son is filled with rage, resulting in Claudius concocting a plan to match Hamlet against Polonius’ son, Laertes, in a duel to the death. II. THEME The theme primarily seen throughout the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is one of dilemma and indecision. This theme is reiterated often in the play, habitually in situations surrounding young Hamlet himself, due to his immaturity and inexperience. This is demonstrated as early as the opening of the play, in which Old Hamlet’s ghost appears to Hamlet. Hamlet’s difficulty in determining the difference between appearance and reality causes him to question whether the ghost is really a good spirit, or a devil trying to trick him. † Angels and ministers of grace defend us! — / Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damn’d, / Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, / Be thy intents wicked or charitable, / Thou com’st in such a questionable shape† (Ham. I. iv.623-627). This theme can also be seen in Act III, Scene iii, in which Hamlet is debating on whether to truly kill Claudius or to spare his life. Hamlet is at the point of deliberation as he sees his uncle kneeling in prayer and remorse, and thus, vulnerable. â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now he is praying; / And now I’ll do’t;–and so he goes to heaven; / And so am I reveng’d. –that would be scann’d:† (Ham. III. iii. 2350-2353). However, at that very moment, Hamlet wavers and begins to have misgivings about doing the actual deed. â€Å"But in our circumstance and course of thought,/ ‘Tis heavy with him: and am I, then, reveng’d, / To take him in the purging of his soul, / When he is fit and season’d for his passage? / No† (Ham. III. iii. 2360-2363). Another example of this theme is seen during one of Hamlet’s darkest hours, in which he is disenchanted with life since his father’s death, as well as disgusted with is mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius. To Hamlet, these momentous events have degraded the Danish court. Hamlet’s strongest impulse to kill himself to avoid debasement, and yet, he fears the damning consequences of suicide. â€Å"To be, or not to be,–that is the question:– / Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them? –To die,–to sleep† (Ham. III. i. 1710-1714). A minor theme in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is remorse. In Act III, Scene iii, Claudius reveals his profound guilt about his crime, and states that he will never be able to seek God’s forgiveness for it. â€Å"My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer / Can serve my turn? Forgive me my foul murder! — / That cannot be; since I am still possess’d / Of those effects for which I did the murder,† (Ham. III. iii. 2327-2330). This minor theme can also be noted when Hamlet regrets not telling Ophelia that he really did love her when he stumbles upon her funeral in Act V, Scene i. Earlier, he had insulted and rejected Ophelia during one of his bouts of madness. â€Å"I lov’d Ophelia; forty thousand brothers / Could not, with all their quantity of love, / Make up my sum. –What wilt thou do for her? † (Ham. V. i.3466-3468). III. DICTION In the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, William Shakespeare utilizes an assortment of vivid images to describe certain objects. This enables the reader to form a clear mental picture of what is happening in each scene and of what had happened in the past. †¦ in my imagination it is! my gorge rises at it. Here hung those lips that I have kiss’d I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen? Now, get you to my lady’s chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favour she must come; make her laugh at that (Ham. V. i. 3375-3381). Shakespeare also makes good use of idialect in the play, which is particularly seen in Hamlet’s involvement with the gravediggers. â€Å"A pickaxe and a spade, a spade / For and a shrouding sheet; / O, a pit of clay for to be made / For such a guest is meet† (Ham. V. i. 3283-3286). These terms are expressions that are commonly used in the mortuatory business. Due to the fact that the play was written centuries ago, the language of the play contains a large amount of poetic diction, with antiquated pronouns as well as inverted sentence order, such as seen in â€Å"‘Tis now struck twelve. Get thee to bed, Francisco. / For this relief much thanks: ’tis bitter cold, / And I am sick at heart† (Ham. I. i. 11-13). Precise, exact meanings are used when describing scenes, as well. This is clearly seen in Act III, Scene ii in which the actors are reenacting Old Hamlet’s poisoning by Claudius. â€Å"Neptune’s salt wash and Tellus’ orbed ground, / And thirty dozen moons with borrow’d sheen / About the world have times twelve thirties been, / Since love our hearts, and Hymen did our hands, / Unite commutual in most sacred bands† (Ham. III. ii. 2023-2027). The use of diction greatly contributes to the subject and theme of the play, as well. The use of vivid images, as well as precise, exact meanings enable the reader to visualize the action that is taking place in each scene as well as understand the relationships that are occurring in the play. The inverted word order and use of antiquated pronouns help the reader picture a forbidding time period as well as visualize the conspiracies hatching around Denmark. Why, let the strucken deer go weep, The hart ungalled play; For some must watch, while some must sleep: So runs the world away. – Would not this, sir, and a forest of feathers–if the rest of my fortunes turn Turk with me,–with two Provincial roses on my razed shoes, get me a fellowship in a cry of players, sir? (Ham. III. ii. 2142- 2150). IV. TONE The major tone of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is ominous. With the play opening in the dead of night at the walls of Elsinore Castle, the reader can immediately sense the gloom, uncertainty, and anxiety that hangs over the kingdom of Denmark. It seems that everyone is aware of the terrible evil that surrounds the monarchy, particularly all of the circumstances that led to Claudius’s coronation. The threatening possibility of further evil to descend upon the kingdom is unconsciously on the minds of every character within the play. Minor tones can be sensed throughout the story during certain areas. A feeling of morbidity can be felt while looking at specific sections of the story. This gruesome feeling is often felt in association with the scenes involving death, such as the graveyard scene in which the gravediggers are chuckling and singing as they dig Ophelia’s grave. Irony is also another minor tone that can be found in several areas of the play. Hamlet truly loved Ophelia, and, by a twist of fate, he also caused her death in a roundabout way, in the murder of Polonius, whose death so depressed Ophelia that it lead her to insanity, and ultimately suicide. Irony is also especially evident in Claudius’ death, in which he was forced to die in the same manner that he had planned for Hamlet. V. SYMBOLISM Different symbols represent different universal meanings in life and in the story. The most obvious symbol in the play is the poison that is used by Claudius in the murder of Old Hamlet. Poison is also used on the tip of Laertes’ sword and in Claudius’ drink in another attempt to assassinate Hamlet. This poison could also be seen as a symbol of the death and corruption spreading throughout Denmark as a direct result of Claudius’ rule. Another symbol seen in the play is the murder of Old Hamlet by his own brother, Claudius. The death of Old Hamlet by Claudius traces back to the time of the first murder between brothers, and shows a religious parallelism in going back to the story of Cain and Abel. Flowers are common enough in the play, but daisies hold a special meaning as well. Ophelia’s ‘mad scene’ is a scene which is full of flowers. In particular, however, she gives a daisy to Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, which symbolizes faithlessness, in reference to Gertrude’s marriage to Claudius less than two months after her first husband’s death. Upon his suspicion of Claudius’ involvement in Old Hamlet’s death, Hamlet is struck with the inspiration to have actors reenact the death of his father in order to observe Claudius’ reaction. When the moment of his father’s murder is in the theater, Claudius is compelled to leave the room, and the play that the actors perform is symbolic of the guilt that Claudius feels. Perhaps the most famous of all symbols in the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is the skull of the king’s former jester, Yorick. Hamlet holds a few sentimental memories of the jester, who used to give him piggyback rides and play with him. Yorick’s death gives Hamlet an opportunity to contemplate human mortality, as well as remind him that life is not all pessimistic and glum and that there was a happier time in his life. VI. SPEAKER In Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the speaker is in the third person. The author, William Shakespeare, is unnamed and uninvolved. The speaker does not have an active role within the story, yet is omniscient of everything that is occurring within the context of the play. VII. STRUCTURE Within Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Shakespeare uses chronological order. The play begins with Hamlet discovering that the ghost of his father has been spotted wandering Elsinore castle, and ends with Hamlet avenging Claudius for the death of his father as well as his own death. Although references are made to events that have occurred in the past, such as the murder of Old Hamlet, these events are revealed as the past. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, written by William Shakespeare, is a paperback book consisting of 342 pages. The front cover depicts a man in the foreground, presumably Hamlet, with the image of a lady in the background, presumably Ophelia. The play consists of five acts, with as little as two scenes and as many as seven scenes within an act. VIII. Imagery William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark includes a wide variety of figurative language that helps the reader visualize the story and to guide in the understanding of the plot and the characters. Similes are used frequently throughout the play; the author uses similes often in describing objects around the scene, such as, â€Å"By the mass, and ’tis like a camel indeed† (Ham. III. ii. 2249). Irony of situation is also used in the story. For example, throughout the last half of the play, the reader is aware of Claudius’ plot to assassinate Hamlet by planting poison inside a goblet of wine, and assumes that Hamlet will be poisoned and die. However, in reality it is Claudius and Gertrude who drink the poison instead â€Å"No, no! the drink, the drink! –O my dear Hamlet! — / The drink, the drink! –I am poison’d †¦ Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, / Drink off this potion. –Is thy union here? / Follow my mother† (Ham. V. ii.3788-3810). Alliteration is also used in the play by Hamlet. For instance, he refers to his â€Å"long life† (Ham. III. i. 69). and a â€Å"bare bodkin† (Ham. III. i. 76). An obvious and famous antithesis that can also be found in the play is the line, â€Å"to be or not to be† (Ham. III. i. 58), in which two opposites are juxtaposed next to each other for a dramatic effect. Metaphors were also used to imply comparisons between certain objects. This is clearly demonstrated in Act I, Scene ii during Hamlet’s soliloquy where he is comparing his own flesh to melting ice. â€Å"O that this too too solid flesh would melt, / Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! † (Ham. I. ii. 312). The play also includes several soliloquies by Hamlet in which he is conversing with no one in particular save himself or the audience. During one long monologue, he is agitated and visibly upset over his mother’s marriage to Claudius and addresses the heavens â€Å"Like Niobe, all tears;–why she, even she,– / O God! a beast that wants discourse of reason, / Would have mourn’d longer,–married with mine uncle† (Ham. I. ii. 333-335). To help the reader understand certain situations and see circumstances from his point of view, Hamlet described certain objects with human characteristics, such as in â€Å"She married:– O, most wicked speed, to post / With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! † (Ham. I. ii. 340-341). Hyperbole is the use of figurative language that greatly exaggerates facts; for example, at Ophelia’s burial, Hamlet and Laertes are arguing and Hamlet calls for â€Å"millions of acres† (Ham. V. i. 3478) of earth to be piled onto all three of them. The phrase â€Å"Tis an unweeded garden,† (Ham. I. ii. 19). is the beginning of a conceit that extends throughout the book. Shakespeare is comparing Denmark to Eden, relying on the theme of corruption and how it spreads from the head monarch of Denmark (Claudius) throughout the entire court. IX. Genre The Handbook to Literature states that a revenge tragedy is a â€Å"form of tragedy made popular on the Elizabethan stage †¦ largely Senecan in its inspiration and technique. The theme is the revenge of a father for a son or vice versa, the revenge being directed by the ghost of the murdered man†¦ (440). The play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark perfectly fits this description in that Hamlet literally is the son that is directed by the ghost of his father, Old Hamlet, to avenge his death and bring Claudius to justice. Hamlet seeks revenge for the death of his father, which leads to much bloodshed and violence later in the play. According to The Handbook to Literature, a Senecan tragedy †¦ combined native English tragic tradition with a modified Senecan technique and led directly toward the typical Elizabethan tragedy†¦ though reflecting nsuch Senecan traits such as sensationalism, bombast, and the use of the chorus and the ghost, departed from the Senecan method in placing the murders and horrors on the state, in response to popular Elizabethan taste†¦ (472). This genre is also greatly accentuated in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, particularly towards the climax of the play during the duel between Hamlet and Laertes, in Act V, Scene ii, which leads to the dramatic, and somewhat sensationalized, deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, Laertes, and Gertrude onstage. X. Metrics Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a play that primarily uses blank verse. The Handbook to Literature defines blank verse as â€Å"unrhymed but otherwise regular verse, usually iambic pentameter† (62). The four lines below are spoken by Hamlet as be deliberates on whether to commit suicide or not. To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, (Ham. III. i. 1710-1714). These lines are written in iambic pentameter, although each of these lines contain an extra unstressed syllable at the end of each line. The majority of the play uses blank verse. However, there are certain areas in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that employ prose in order to show intense feeling, as demonstrated in Act II, Scene ii. â€Å"†¦ l tell you why; so shall my anticipation / prevent your discovery, and your secrecy to the king and / queen moult no feather I have of late,–but wherefore / I know not,–lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises† (Ham. II. ii. 1340-1343). Prose is also commonly used for expressing madness.

Sigmund Freud Essays (4800 words) - Freudian Psychology, Id

Sigmund Freud Essays (4800 words) - Freudian Psychology, Id Sigmund Freud Many believe Freud to be the father of modern psychiatry and psychology and the only psychiatrist of any worth. He is certainly the most well known figure, perhaps because sex played such a prominent role in his system. There are other psychologists, however, whose theories demand respectful consideration. Erik Erickson, born Eric Homburger, whose theories while not as titillating as Freud's, are just as sound. This paper will compare the two great men and their systems. In addition, this paper will argue that Freud offers the more useful foundation for understanding the Jenny Masterson's confused psyche. Sigmund Freud showed signs of independence and brilliance well before entering the University of Vienna in 1873. He had a prodigious memory and loved reading to the point of running himself into debt at various bookstores. Among his favorite authors were Goethe, Shakespeare, Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche. To avoid disruption of his studies, he often ate in his room. After medical school, Freud began a private practice, specializing in nervous disorders. He was soon faced with patients whose disorders made no neurological sense. For example, a patient might have lost feeling in his foot with no evidence to any sensory nerve damage. Freud wondered if the problem could be psychological rather than physiological. Dr. Freud evolved as he treated patients and analyzed himself. He recorded his assessment and expounded his theories in 24 volumes published between 1888 and 1939. Although his first book, The Interpretation of Dreams, sold only 600 copies in its first eight years of publication, his ideas gradually began to attract faithful followers and students - along with a great number of critics. While exploring the possible psychological roots of nervous disorders, Freud spent several months in Paris, studying with Jean Charcot, a French neurologist from whom he learned hypnosis. On return to Vienna, Freud began to hypnotize patients and encouraging them while under hypnosis to speak openly about themselves and the onset of their symptoms. Often the patients responded freely, and upon reviewing their past, became quite upset and agitated. By this process, some saw their symptoms lessened or banished entirely. It was in this way that Freud discovered what he termed the "unconscious." Piecing together his patients' accounts of their lives, he decided that the loss of feeling in one's hand might be caused by, say, the fear of touching one's genitals; blindness or deafness might be caused by the fear of hearing or seeing something that might arouse grief or distress. Over time, Freud saw hundreds of patients. He soon recognized that hypnosis was not as helpful as he had first hoped. He thus pioneered a new technique termed "free association." Patients were told to relax and say whatever came to mind, no matter how mortifying or irrelevant. Freud believed that free association produced a chain of thought that was linked to the unconscious, and often painful, memories of childhood. Freud called this process psychoanalysis. Underlying Freud's psychoanalytic perception of personality was his belief that the mind was akin to an iceberg - most of it was hidden from view. The conscious awareness is the part of the iceberg that is above the surface but below the surface is a much larger unconscious region that contains feelings, wishes and memories of which persons are largely unaware. Some thoughts are stored temporarily in a preconscious area, from where they can be retrieved at will. However, Freud was more interested in the mass of thought and feeling that are repressed - forcibly blocked from conscious thought because it would be too painful to acknowledge. Freud believed that these repressed materials unconsciously exert a powerful influence on behavior and choices. Freud believed that dreams and slips of tongue and pen were windows to his patient's unconscious. Intrusive thoughts or seemingly trivial errors while reading, writing and speaking suggested to Freud that what is said and done reflects the working of the unconscious. Jokes especially were an outlet for expressing repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies. For Freud, nothing was accidental. Freud believed that human personality, expressed emotions, strivings, and beliefs arise from a conflict between the aggressive, pleasure-seeking, biological impulses and the social restraints against their expression. This conflict between expression and repression, in ways that

Philosophy of God

Philosophy of God Introduction The quest as to whether a good and benevolent God exists is a philosophical question inwhich both theists and atheists have invested greatly. For a theist, a good and benevolent God exists; a God absolutely committed to goodness and merciness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of God specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, atheist holds the position that evil experienced in the world is a clear indication that either this world is not the best to live or there is no such being as â€Å"good and benevolent god†. The aim of this paper therefore, is to show that, the presence of evil in the world does not in any way contradict the existence of a benevolent God. For atheists, evil is intrinsically opposed to absolute good. There is so much evil in the world! Therefore, there is no absolute good in the world. What this argument means is that, evil and absolute good cannot coexist a t the same time in the same manner. Therefore, it is rationally plausible that, either there is an absolute good in the world; hence God exists, or this world is not the best because evil is witnessed in it; thus God does not exist. And since it is incontestable, that there is evil in this world, therefore atheists conclude that God does not exist. If God exists, than he is not as good and benevolent as purported by theists, or God is either a sadist or incapable of controlling what he is alleged to have created. For atheists, this forms the fundamental argument against the existence of a good and benevolent God. Conversely, theists argue that this world is the best because it is created by a benevolent God. And evil experienced in the world is used by God to achieve some good. That God is so powerful that he can use any means whatsoever as long as some intended good is achieved. Therefore, the presence of evil in the world does not in any way whatsoever contradicts the existence of a benevolent God. Both arguments are logically conceivable, and both contestants can argue their case infinitely. However, atheists have raised a very strong logical objection as to whether God exists, and if he does is he good? They argue that the world is full of evil of all kind. For instance, parents who die in a road accident leaving behind a day old baby, or HIV virus that is claiming many lives. If there is God, then is he so careless as to just sit watching at all these evil happenings without even lifting a finger to evade them? The objection from atheists is very logical and convincing. This is because it is illogical to think that absolute good and evil can coexist. However, the case argued by theists is equally strong because if God is not limited by anything, then he may use what is perceived as evil to bring greater intended good. For example, if a man prays for his flight only to go to air port and find the plane has left, such a man sees evil but only when the plane crashes killing everyone, that man is able to see good.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theist position would be challenged with such questions as; who created evil? And whether God at the point of creation foresaw the imminent evil in the world, and if so why did he allow it? Despite of such heated debate, it is evident that there is so much good in the world as compared to evil. Therefore, a few cases of evil are not enough to conclude that God does not exist.

Torture is necessary for gaining valuable information to keep america Research Paper

Torture is necessary for gaining valuable information to keep america and its allies safe in the war on terrorism - Research Paper Example In the recent geo-political context, the fight against terrorism has reopened this debate. The United States’ military personnel, with permission/instructions from higher authorities (going as high up as Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld), have tortured suspected terrorists since the beginning of its War on Terror operations. While some of the methods employed in eliciting important information from suspects is degrading and inhuman, one has to understand prevailing political contexts in which such actions become inevitable. For example, â€Å"to counter an enemy who relies on stealth and surprise, the most valuable tool is information, and often the only source of that information is the enemy himself. Men like Sheikh Mohammed who have been taken alive in this war are classic candidates for the most cunning practices of this dark art. Intellectual, sophisticated, deeply religious, and well trained, they present a perfect challenge for the interrogator. Getting at the info rmation they possess could allow us to thwart major attacks, unravel their organization, and save thousands of lives. They and their situation pose one of the strongest arguments in modern times for the use of  torture.† (Bowden, 2003, p.52) The rest of this essay will try and present more points in support of torture as a key interrogative tool, and show why its continued employment will save thousands of innocent lives in the future. Foremost among the rationales for usage of torture techniques is the current era of warfare we are living through. The September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, Pentagon and other targets within the United States had illustrated clearly the scope and magnitude of jihadist terrorism. (Bowden, 2003, p.52) This event showed to leaders of democratic nations that terrorism has indeed come of age. In this new era of warfare, battles are no longer waged between symmetrical power entities – one state upon another. Rather, in the asy mmetrical military engagements of today, conventional states confront non-state enemies â€Å"who are palpably post-modern: trans-national, decentralized, more closely resembling a fog or that mythic beast with multiple and multiplying heads, the hydra, than the traditional more or less well-defined and (at least potentially) containable national enemy. Moreover, this hydra is one given particularly to living amongst and preying upon civilians. In other words, as the smoldering ruins of Ground Zero reminded us, this is an enemy who does not respect the traditional moral parameters of warfare. Accompanying this recognition is the suspicion that these developments have finally rendered the just war tradition obsolete, irrelevant, impossible.† (Bell, 2006, p.34) Hence, in these uncertain and insecure times, traditional criteria of measuring fairness and justice no longer apply. Waging the War on Terror successfully requires rejection of antiquarian views of â€Å"legitimate aut hority, last resort, and the possibility of distinguishing between combatant and non-combatant.† (Bell, 2006, p.34) Our leaders no longer have the luxury of â€Å"moral purity or clean hands† that the just war tradition requires. Moreover, one has to make a distinction between acting morally and acting foolishly. It would amount to acting foolishly if key protections of the Bill of Rights are extended to ruthless enemies who do not share America’s vision of war, justice and morality. The key question to ask is whether the imperative to destroy the

Henrys Law Constant Of Glyoxal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Henrys Law Constant Of Glyoxal - Research Paper Example The enhancement of KH was linked to the sulfate: carbonyl molar ratio rather than the absolute concentration of sulfate ions in bulk solution. The profound sulfate effect was only observed in glyoxal and formaldehyde, but not methylglyoxal. Chemical analysis suggested that this sulfate mediated reaction was reversible. Meanwhile, Time of Flight-MS (TOF-MS), NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggested the unknown product was sulfate containing product. For ionic strength effect, KH of formaldehyde, methylglyoxal and glyoxal were investigated in NaCl solution with concentrations ranging from 25mM to 4M. Our observation suggested that the formation of hydrogen bonding between chloride ions and diol groups of the hydrated carbonyls lead to "salting-in" effects in concentrated NaCl solution. The partitioning process of these small, reactive carbonyls was not sensitive to the ionic strength of wet aerosols and the profound effects of sulfate on glyoxal KH supported the hypothesi s that sulfate play an important role in glyoxal gas/aqueous phase partitioning. The Henry law constant KH is a key parameter that aids in the... 2.2 Experimentation Methods 6 3.0 Results and Discussion 7 3.1 Formaldehyde 7 Product Identification 9 3.2 Glyoxal 10 3.3 Methylglyoxal 13 4.0 Conclusion 14 Work cited 16 Appendix 25 1.0 Introduction The Henry law constant KH is a key parameter that aids in the determination of the magnitude, rate and flux direction between the aqueous and the gas solution. Due to the insufficient thermodynamic data and poor understanding in gas/particle partitioning behaviors of glyoxal and other oxidation products from both anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), discrepancies between field measurements and SOA models were large (Volkamer et al., 2006). In particular, the partitioning process of C2, C3-bifunctional species, formed in significant yields from the photo-oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, isoprene, terepene, alkenes as well as alkynes, remain unclear [Yu et al., 1995; Yu et al., 1997; Yu et al., 1998; Yu et al., 1999; Warneck, 2003]. Field measurements have revealed that these low molecular weight, bi-functional species are important precursors for SOA in cloud-processing [Blando and Turpin, 2000; Warneck, 2003]. Laboratory evidence suggests that, the rate-limiting step in SOA formation of isoprene photo-oxidation was the oxidation of first-generation reaction products which leads to the formation of up to four functional groups of the carbon skeleton. Therefore, the partitioning of chemical species containing multifunction groups could be more likely a critical step for formation of SOA in other systems as well (Kroll et al, 2006). Recently, glyoxal was used as an activity indicator for photo-oxidation attributed to its high abundance after onset of sunlight and short lifetime, while formaldehyde worked